![]() ![]() More typical amplitudes are a few ppm or less for Jovians and at the sub-ppm level for super-Earths. Results: We find that out-of-transit refraction shoulders are the most easily observable features, which can reach peak amplitudes of 10 parts per million (ppm) for planets around Sun-like stars. The observational search is performed by stacking large samples of transit light curves from Kepler. Methods: We use the model of Hui & Seager (2002, ApJ, 572, 540) to compute deflection angles and refraction transit light curves, allowing us to explore the parameter space of atmospheric properties. Finally, we search for refraction signatures in photometric residuals in Kepler data. We also explore under which circumstances transmission spectra are significantly affected by refraction. ![]() Aims: The main objective of the paper is to model the effects of refraction on photometric light curves for realistic planets and to explore the dependencies on atmospheric physical parameters. In addition, an effective surface can be imposed by refraction, thereby limiting the pressure levels probed by transmission spectroscopy. Refraction thus provides an avenue to probe physical properties of exoplanet atmospheres and to constrain the presence of clouds and hazes. Refraction deflects photons that pass through atmospheres, which affects transit light curves. Photometric signatures, implications for transmission spectroscopy, and search in Kepler dataĬontext. Some ways of decreasing the effect of refraction on the reconstruction of spatial distribution of the extinction coefficient are stated. ![]() It has been first noted that light refraction not only distorts the geometric scheme of measurements, but may lead to the appearance of object areas that cannot be scanned. The effects of light refraction and reflection on the quality of image reconstruction in medical transmission optical tomography of high-scattering media are considered. ![]()
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